International

What central banks can do when shocks come from outside

External shocks: central bank policy options

External shocks—from commodity price surges, wars, and pandemics to foreign monetary tightening and abrupt capital flow reversals—create swift and varied challenges for central banks. The suitable rea...

Economy

Istanbul, in Turkey: What makes a retail concept scalable across diverse neighborhoods

Istanbul retail strategy: achieving scalability across districts

Istanbul emerges as a megacity defined by striking contrasts: compact historic districts, heavily visited tourist corridors, sleek business hubs, expansive suburban areas, and two ...

Investments and Business

What is driving consolidation in fintech and digital banking?

How interest rate changes are driving fintech startups toward consolidation

The fintech and digital banking sectors have moved from rapid experimentation to a more mature phase marked by consolidation. Over the past decade, thousands of startups entered the market, each targeting narrow pain points in payments, lending, wealth management, compliance, or ...