International

What central banks can do when shocks come from outside

External shocks: central bank policy options

External shocks—from commodity price surges, wars, and pandemics to foreign monetary tightening and abrupt capital flow reversals—create swift and varied challenges for central banks. The suitable rea...

Economy

Istanbul, in Turkey: What makes a retail concept scalable across diverse neighborhoods

Istanbul retail strategy: achieving scalability across districts

Istanbul emerges as a megacity defined by striking contrasts: compact historic districts, heavily visited tourist corridors, sleek business hubs, expansive suburban areas, and two ...

Investments and Business

What business models perform best in a slower-growth environment?

How tighter capital markets influence business model profitability

A slower-growth environment typically reflects restrained demand increases, more deliberate consumer spending, restricted capital availability, and intensified competition for established customer bases. Such scenarios often emerge after periods of economic maturity, demographic ...